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,,,,,,,,,,,<<audio "title" loop play>>\
<div id="intro">Hello!</div>\
This media property presages a prospective future aspect of mobile learning that I visualize for my classroom and teaching practice.
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<<audio ":playing" pause>> \
<<audio "startscr" play>>\
<div id="SS1">Welcome!</div>
<br/>
<div id="SS2too" class="fade-in-out">Let's begin the tour ...</div>
<br/>
<div id="title" class="yellow">A low hanging fruit in a smart classroom</div>
<div id="start" class="green">[[START|TELE]]</div><<audio ":playing" pause>>\
<<audio "start" play>>\
<div id="title2" class="white">Important Notice</div>
On this tour you are able to follow different trails, (marked by different colors), to explore different areas, or at certain points of the narrative you may face a choice regarding where to go next, which allows you to choose a path for your exploration.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Proceed|Start Screen]]</div>
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Which future?//</div>\
There are two ways of looking at the future.
One is to forecast the future like a meteorologist predicts the weather conditions tomorrow. It is a noninterventionist approach that makes the forecast based on available evidence and theory of change without taking any actions to affect the course of change (Zhao, 2019). This approach attempts to answer the question “what will my classroom be like in the future?”
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[The other way to think about the future is interventionist ...|Interventionist]]</div>
<br/> Please enter your name below. \
<br/> <<textbox "$player_name" Ram "Greetings">>\
<br/>
Hello <<print $player_name>>! Welcome!
<div id="title" class="red">Ram</div>
<div id="trail1" class="red">Ram</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">Ram</div>
<div id="trail3" class="yellow">Ram</div>
[[Continue ... |Start Screen]]<<if $progress >= 3>>\
<br/>
/*
<div id="title2" class="green">[[The Smart Classroom|Level0]]</div>\
*/
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/smartclassroom2.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt="">
(Saini & Goel, 2019)
<<else>>\
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Autonomy and Personalized Education: The New What|ActionL01]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Creating Value and Product-Oriented Learning: The New How|ActionL02]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Learning From, With, and For Others Globally: The New Where|ActionL03]]</div>
''__Note:__'' ensure you visit each, if you feel stuck at any time check this, or
''__Reference:__'' (Zhao, 2019).
<</if>><div id="title2" class="white">The Smart Classroom</div>
There are many terms used to refer to smart classroom, including “future classroom” “intelligent classroom”, “technology-enhanced classroom”, and others. One definition of a smart classroom is a technology-assisted closed environment that enhances the teaching and learning experience (Saini & Goel, 2019). This definition has the same meaning as a "technology-enhanced learning environment".
Here my use of the term “technology-enhanced learning environment” that I acquired from my studies in the [[MET UBC|https://met.ubc.ca/]] program also refers to a smart classroom.
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "startscr" fadeout>><<goto "Actors01">><</link>></div>\
<<set $progress to 0>><div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Talents and Skills|ActionL011]]</div>
<div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Student Voice: Governance and Environment|ActionL012]]</div>
<div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Student Choice: Broad and Flexible Curriculum|ActionL013]]</div>
<div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Student Support: Personalization and Mentoring|ActionL014]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level0]]</div>
<<if visited() is 1>>\
<<set $progress += 1>>\
<</if>><div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Problems Worth Solving|ActionL021]]</div>
<div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Other People’s Needs|ActionL022]]</div>
<div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Strengths and Weaknesses|ActionL023]]</div>
<div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Perseverance and Disciplined Creativity|ActionL024]]</div>
<div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Authentic Products: Personally Meaningful or Useful for Others|ActionL025]]</div>
<div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Sustained and Disciplined Process: Multiple Drafts and Review|ActionL026]]</div>
<div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Strength-Based: Unique and Local|ActionL027]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level0]]</div>
<<if visited() is 1>>\
<<set $progress += 1>>\
<</if>><div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Global Perspective|ActionL031]]</div>
<div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Global Partners|ActionL032]]</div>
<div id="trail1" class="blue">[[Global Competency|ActionL033]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level0]]</div>
<<if visited() is 1>>\
<<set $progress += 1>>\
<</if>>Give up.
End Game.
<<click "Start over">><<script>>Engine.restart()<</script>><</click>>End Game.
<<click "Start over">><<script>>Engine.restart()<</script>><</click>><div id="title2" class="white">The Future of Education: A Paradigm Shift</div>
In contrast to the existing paradigm that imposes the same prescribed curriculum for all students, Zhao (2019) proposed future paradigm of education grants students maximum autonomy and agency in defining what they want to learn. The curriculum follows and supports the children’s passions and enhances their strengths instead of fixing their deficits.
Autonomy and personalized education, product-oriented learning, and learning anytime, anywhere, from, with, and for others globally are the dimensions of Zhao's (2019) proposed future paradigm of education.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Actors02]]</div><<audio ":playing" pause>>\
<<audio "auactor01" loop volume 0 fadein>>\
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Smart classroom//</div>\
The perspective of a smart classroom that resonates with me is the one given by Saini and Goel (2019) using four major facets of teaching and learning experience.
//Smart content:// This includes preparation, delivery, and distribution of rich and interactive multimedia content.
//Smart interaction and engagement:// This includes interaction among students, the interaction between a teacher and a student, and engagement of students during the lecture time.
//Smart assessment:// This includes an assessment of student learning (quizzes etc.) and feedback to the teacher (lecture quality).
//Smart physical environment:// Along with smart teaching and learning aids, a smart classroom should also have a healthy physical environment (temperature, humidity, etc.).
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "auactor01" fadeout>><<goto "Level1 Text">><</link>></div>\
<<if visited() is 1>><<set $actors01 to 1>><</if>><<audio "auactor02" loop volume 0 fadein>>\
<div id="title2" class="green">The Smart Classroom</div>\
Teacher and all students with smartphones in their hands.
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/smartclassroom2.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt="">\
(Saini & Goel, 2019)
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "auactor02" fadeout>><<goto "Event1">><</link>></div>\
<<if visited() is 1>><<set $actors02 to 1>><</if>><div id="title2" class="white">Active Learning</div>\
[[Active learning|https://www.queensu.ca/teachingandlearning/modules/active/04_what_is_active_learning.html]] is an approach to instruction that is explicitly student-centered and involves the students doing things and thinking about the things they are doing. Active learning is the opposite of instructor-centered, passive forms of learning (e.g., listening to lectures).
Some of the activities students could be doing include the following:
* Class discussion,
* Small group discussion,
* Collaborative group work,
* Team-based learning (TBL),
* Think-pair-share,
* Short, in-class writing exercises,
* Student debate,
* Reactions to media (e.g., video, audio),
* Exercises with manipulatives (e.g., LEGO®, circuits, etc.),
* Gamification of content,
* Poster sessions or gallery walks (i.e., sharing group work with other groups),
* Group quizzes, and
* Learning by teaching.\
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level1]]</div><<if visited() is 1>><<audio ":playing" pause>><<audio "start" volume 0 fadein>><</if>>\
<<if $progress >= 4>>\
<br/>
Let us now look at \
<div id="title2" class="green">[[Smartphones in the Classroom|Event2]]</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/smartphones.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt="">
<<else>>\
<div id="title2" class="white">Active Learning Classrooms (ALCs)</div>
It is not surprising that traditional classrooms are often not conducive to active learning. A transformation of my teaching practice and classroom requires a transformation of the space in my classroom.
//''For my future classroom I take inspiration from these places:''//
University of Minnesota [[Active Learning Classrooms (ALCs)|ActionL11]]
North Carolina State University [[SCALE-UP classroom design and pedagogy|ActionL12]]
MIT Technology Enabled Active Learning [[(TEAL) project|ActionL13]]
FLEXspace – [[The Flexible Learning Environments eXchange|ActionL14]]
''__Note:__'' ensure you visit each, if you feel stuck at any time check this, or
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[LEAVE NOW|Event2]]</div>
<</if>><br/>
This brings into view \
<div id="title2" class="green"><<link "Smart Engagement">><<audio "start" fadeout>><<goto "Level2 Text">><</link>></div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/IMG_2671-scaled.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt="">\
/*
<<link "Introducing the action of Actors11">><<audio "start" fadeout>><<goto "Actors11">><</link>>
<<link "Introducing the action of Actors12">><<audio "start" fadeout>><<goto "Actors12">><</link>>
*/
<<set $progress to 0>><div id="title2" class="white">University of Minnesota Active Learning Classrooms [[(ALCs)|https://classroom.umn.edu/space/classroom-types/active-learning-classrooms-alc]]</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ActiveLearning3.jpg" alt="">
[[Source:|https://flexspace.org/]]
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ActiveLearning1.jpg" alt="">
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level1]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
<<set $progress += 1>>\
<</if>><div id="title2" class="white">North Carolina State University [[SCALE-UP|http://scaleup.ncsu.edu/]] classroom design and pedagogy</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ActiveLearning4.jpg" alt="">
[[Source:|https://flexspace.org/]]
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ActiveLearning2.jpg" alt="">
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level1]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
<<set $progress += 1>>\
<</if>><div id="title2" class="white">MIT Technology Enabled Active Learning [[(TEAL)|http://web.mit.edu/edtech/casestudies/teal.html]] project</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/TealClassroom.jpg" alt="">
[[Source:|http://scaleup.ncsu.edu/FAQs.html]]
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/MIT-Teal-Room.jpg" alt="">
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/MITView.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt="">
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level1]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
<<set $progress += 1>>\
<</if>><<audio "auactor11" loop volume 0 fadein>>\
Introductory text Actor 11
<<link "The script for actor11 ...">><<audio "auactor11" fadeout>><<goto "Level2 Text">><</link>>
<<if visited() is 1>><<set $actors11 to 1>><</if>><<audio "auactor12" loop volume 0 fadein>>\
Introductory text Actor 12
<<link "The script for actor12 ...">><<audio "auactor12" fadeout>><<goto "Level2 Text">><</link>>
<<if visited() is 1>><<set $actors12 to 1>><</if>>One of the biggest challenges in a classroom is to keep the students attentive, receptive, and therefore engaged. Student engagement is represented by their participation in the class, investment toward learning, and interest in learning. For effective learning, the student should remain engaged throughout the lesson.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level2]]</div><<if visited() is 1>><<audio ":playing" pause>><<audio "start" volume 0 fadein>><</if>>\
<<if $progress >= 2>>\
<br/>
Now let's visit
<div id="title2" class="green">[[Smartphone Distraction in the Classroom|Event3]]</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/teacherwstudentsonphones.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt="">\
<<else>>\
Some of my strategies for student engagement are as follows.
<div id="title2" class="green">[[Student-teacher interaction|ActionL21]]</div>
<div id="title2" class="green">[[Student-student interaction|ActionL22]]</div>
<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//My solution: Software Agents//</div>
<div id="title1" class="green"><<link "Introducing chatbots">><<audio "start" fadeout>><<goto "Actors21">><</link>></div>
<div id="title1" class="green"><<link "A visual history of chatbots">><<audio "start" fadeout>><<goto "Actors22">><</link>></div>
<<set $progress to 0>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//CRS and ARS using smartphones//</div>
<div id="title3" class="white">Classroom response systems (CRS)</div>\
In a typical CRS, the students send their responses to the instructor electronically. The responses are gathered and analyzed by the instructor.
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/GoSoapBox.jpg" alt="">[[GoSoapBox|https://www.gosoapbox.com/tour/overview]]\
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/kahoot.png" alt="">[[Kahoot!|https://kahoot.com/]]
<div id="title3" class="white">Audience response systems (ASR)</div>\
ASR is a type of CRS in which the questions are displayed electronically and the audience answers the questions using a mobile device.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level2]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
<<set $progress += 1>>\
<</if>><div id="title3" class="white">Collaboration, group project, microblogging, discussion forum</div>\
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/GSuite.jpeg" alt="">[[GAFE|https://edu.google.com/intl/en_ca/products/gsuite-for-education/?modal_active=none]]\
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/mobilecollaboration.png" alt="">[[Mobile Collaboration|https://blogs.ubc.ca/etec523/2020/06/21/a2-mobile-collaboration/]] [[website|https://mobilecollab.weebly.com/tools.html]]
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level2]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
<<set $progress += 1>>\
<</if>><<audio "auactor21" loop volume 0 fadein>>\
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//About Chatbots//</div>
<<audio ":all" stop>> \
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/38sL6pADCog" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>\
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-P6zAm-K9vg" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
[[More about chatbots|https://www.smartsheet.com/artificial-intelligence-chatbots]]
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "auactor21" fadeout>><<goto "Level3 Text">><</link>></div>
<<if visited() is 1>><<set $actors21 to 1>><</if>><<audio "auactor22" loop volume 0 fadein>>\
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//A Visual History Of Chatbots//</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/historyChatbots-scaled.jpeg" alt="">[[A Visual History Of Chatbots|https://chatbotsmagazine.com/a-visual-history-of-chatbots-8bf3b31dbfb2]]
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "auactor22" fadeout>><<goto "Event3">><</link>></div>
<<if visited() is 1>><<set $actors22 to 1>><</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//A Software Agent to combat Smartphone Distraction in the Classroom //</div>
I envision an open-domain conversational intelligent software agent (Ahmadvand et al., 2020) based on a distributed social agents architecture (Dignum & Dignum, 2020) to combat smartphone distraction in the classroom when students already have their smartphones in their hands.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level3]]</div><<if visited() is 1>><<audio ":playing" pause>><<audio "start" volume 0 fadein>><</if>>\
<<if $progress >= 7>>\
<<audio "start" fadeout>>\
<br/>
<div id="title2" class="green">[[Features|Event4]]</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/multipurposeknife.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt="">\
<<else>>\
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Good Hope - a social software agent//</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/daydreaming.jpg" alt="">
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Description|ActionL31]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Text-based agent|ActionL33]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Audio capability|ActionL34]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Emotionally expressive agent|ActionL35]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Gaze-based intention recognition|ActionL36]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Smart eyewear devices|ActionL37]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Social Agent|ActionL38]]</div>
''__Note:__'' ensure you visit each, if you feel stuck at any time check this, or
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[LEAVE NOW|Event4]]</div>
<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Messaging//</div>
The agent can send emails or messages by using the existing email system or messaging system in place already, e.g. [[Remind|https://www.remind.com/]]. The agent has access to the student’s Outlook calendar or Google calendar.
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "start" fadeout>><<goto "Actors31">><</link>></div>
<<set $progress to 0>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Description//</div>
Similar to Amber by Kimani et al. (2019), I envision a text-based (TB) software agent with a similar user interface (UI) to a standard chatbot. Here I use software agent and chatbot interchangeably to simplify my presentation. The software agent is given a female gender and a name “Good Hope”. Good Hope is a software agent that reduces student distraction from their smartphone.
Specifically, Good Hope is a mobile app that uses [[nudge theory|https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/]] and [[negative reinforcement|https://positivepsychology.com/positive-punishment/]] (Iwata,1987) from behavioral psychology. More about [[nudge.|Nudge]]
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level3]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
<<set $progress += 1>>\
<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Text-based agent//</div>
I envision the development of the proof-of-concept of the software agent to proceed in stages.
Stage 1, or first prototype, is a text-based (TB) software agent with a user interface (UI) is similar to the UI of a standard text-based chatbot.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level3]]</div>\
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<</if>><<audio "auactor31" loop volume 0 fadein>>
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Time//</div>
The agent knows what time of the day it is, simply by getting the time from the system clock.
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "auactor31" fadeout>><<goto "Actors32">><</link>></div>
<<if visited() is 1>><<set $actors31 to 1>><</if>><<audio "auactor32" loop volume 0 fadein>>\
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Knowing where the student should be//</div>
Simply by knowing what time it is the agent knows where the student should be, the start time of the session and where in the session the class is at.
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "auactor32" fadeout>><<goto "Actors33">><</link>></div>
<<if visited() is 1>><<set $actors32 to 1>><</if>><<audio ":playing" pause>> \
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<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Summary//</div>\
My goal here is to show at a high level some aspects of a vision for a transformation of my teaching practice and my future classroom. This is a designed future where I envision students with greater autonomy and agency who are able to benefit from personalized education in a smart classroom. What I present here is in my mind a low hanging fruit, the design of a software agent to combat smartphone distraction when students have their smartphones in their hands.
<<click "THE END: raajaa ho yaa rank sabhi kaa, ant yek saa hoi WHETHER YOU ARE A KING OR A BEGGAR, THE END WILL BE THE SAME.">><<script>>Engine.restart()<</script>><</click>><div id="title2" class="white">Next Generation Digital Learning Environment (NGDLE)</div>\
The next generation digital learning environment [[(NGDLE)|http://ulta.umn.edu/next-generation-digital-learning-environments-ngdle]] is conceived as an ecosystem—a learning environment consisting of learning tools and components that adhere to common standards (Educause, 2015). In one sense, the NGDLE would behave similarly to a smartphone in that it would aggregate elements of content and functionality supported by a cloud-like space that would not be identical for any two learners, instructors, departments, or institutions.
The Smart Classroom is one component of the NGDLE.
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/NGDLE2.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt=""> [[Credit:|http://ulta.umn.edu/next-generation-digital-learning-environments-ngdle]]
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|The Future]]</div>\
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//A designed future//</div>\
Here I articulate my overarching vision statement about education which for my purposes here acts like a mission statement or a guiding philosophy.
The primary meaning of education focuses on the process of teaching and learning. Three fundamental aspects of education are: what to learn, how to learn, and where to learn.
What to learn is about the curriculum, which is dictated by the outcomes and purpose of education. How to learn is the delivery or arrangement of education that helps students learn what they need to learn. Where to learn is the environment in which learning occurs.
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<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|ActionL03]]</div><div id="title2" class="white">Smartphone distraction</div>
This then brings forth the issue of smartphone distraction when students already have their smartphones in their hands.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Proceed|This way]]</div>\<div id="title2" class="white">Technology-enhanced learning environment</div>
I envision my classroom being a technology-enhanced learning environment where I use adaptive learning and active learning to set the stage for my students to benefit from personalized learning.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Proceed|Smartphones]]</div>\<div id="title2" class="white">Smartphones</div>
Given my belief that smartphones have become students’ constant digital companions and like body parts, I also believe that students’ smartphones are an ever present tool that can be used for learning. Therefore, I transform my practice to teaching surrounded by my students with their smartphones in their hands.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Proceed|Smartphone Distraction]]</div>\Now I will present my vision of a transformation of my practice to teaching surrounded by my students with their smartphones in their hands.
Let's go on a virtual tour. Follow the green for the main storyline. This way ...
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Proceed|NGDLE]]</div>\[[FLEXspace|https://flexspace.org/]] – The Flexible Learning Environments eXchange
<<audio ":all" stop>> \
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FeS8doXFZdU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level1]]</div>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Interventionist//</div>\
The other way to think about the future is interventionist (Zhao, 2019). It focuses on what the future should be instead of what it will be. In other words, the futurist here is not an objective forecaster, but a visionary, a designer, an architect, or a creator. He or she is deeply committed to one future over other possible futures. Moreover, he or she is willing to work to promote and realize his or her desired future, in other words, to design the future (Zhao, 2019).
The version of the future I present here is a designed one. It is not a prediction, but a hope, a vision. It is what my classroom should be and could be but it requires effort to realize the vision.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Designed]]</div>
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Audio capability//</div>
Stage 2, or second prototype, the text-based system is augmented with audio capability and a video avatar of the agent speaking. (Using "agent" is short for "software agent" in the same way that "software agent" means "intelligent software agent").
At this stage also begins the work of adding the capability of the agent to detect the user’s emotional state and the ability of the agent to respond to the user’s emotion by expressing emotions.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level3]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Emotionally expressive agent//</div>
The second prototype is more emotionally expressive by employing emojis in the text. This prototype incorporates a video avatar of the agent speaking to the user in addition to the text output from the agent.
In addition, the system includes a wearable audio I/O device as an option. This option could be implemented using an off-the-shelf, Bluetooth-enabled audio interface in a glasses form factor such as the [["Bose Frames".|https://www.bose.ca/en_ca/products/frames.html]]
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level3]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//
Gaze-based intention recognition//</div>
Stage 3, or third prototype, the agent is further augmented with gaze-based intention recognition (Newn et al., 2019) capability.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level3]]</div>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Smart eyewear devices//</div>
Stage 3, the third prototype, which represents future work, is integrating AI-mediated gaze-based intention recognition (Newn et al., 2019) in future smart eyewear devices with eye-tracking capabilities such as [[Tobii Pro glasses.|https://www.tobii.com/group/news-media/press-releases/2020/6/tobii-pro-glasses-3--groundbreaking-wearable-eye-tracker-to-analyze-human-behavior/]]. In my vision for a software agent, I assume that smart eyewear devices with eye-tracking capabilities would also include Bluetooth-enabled audio interface.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level3]]</div>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Social Agent//</div>
Stage 4, or fourth prototype, is the design of the agent as a social agent within a distributed social agents architecture (Dignum & Dignum, 2020).
The work to add the capability of the agent to detect the user’s emotional state and the ability of the agent to respond to the user’s emotion by expressing emotions is complete at this stage.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level3]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
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<</if>>A [[nudge|https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/]] refers to an intervention that steers people in a particular direction without eliminating their freedom of making the final choice; while negative reinforcement refers to the strengthening of a behavior by avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus. I combine these two concepts to design an intervention to encourage students to get back on task when they are distracted by their smartphones in the classroom.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|ActionL31]]</div><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Task State lists//</div>
The agent maintains Task State lists “Doing”, “Partially Done”, “Done” and "Outstanding". As students mark a task or activity as “Doing”, “Partially Done” or “Done” to change the state of the task the agent move the tasks to the appropriate Task State list. At the end of the session all tasks not started are moved to the Outstanding Task State list. At the end of the session the agent sends all Task State lists to the teacher.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level4]]</div><<if visited() is 1>><<audio ":playing" pause>><<audio "start" volume 0 fadein>><</if>>\
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<div id="title2" class="green">[[User Workflow|Event5]]</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/GirlHopscotch.jpg" alt="">
<<else>>\
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Interaction between agent and user//</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/IMG_3064-scaled.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt="">
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Via audio|ActionL41]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Call for Help|ActionL43]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Messaging|ActionL44]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Alerts to teacher|ActionL45]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Notifications to student|ActionL46]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Let me be|ActionL47]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Turn on Good Vibrations|ActionL48]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Turn off Good Vibrations|ActionL49]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Contact Parents|ActionL411]]</div>
''__Note:__'' ensure you visit each, if you feel stuck at any time check this, or
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[LEAVE NOW|Event5]]</div>
<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Via Audio//</div>
The user double-taps on the glasses frame and speaks beginning with "Hey Good Hope, …” similar to how users do "[[Hey Siri, ...|https://www.apple.com/ca/siri/]]" or do "[[Hey Google, …|https://assistant.google.com/]]".
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level4]]</div>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Call for Help//</div>
Both the agent or the student can signal the teacher that the student is struggling at some point and needs help. The teacher gets a private notification on the teacher dashboard that the student needs help. The student can leverage this feature for other uses such as surreptitiously calling the teacher for a request to leave the classroom.
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Messaging//</div>
The agent is able to contact the teacher, parents, a First Parent and a Second Parent. The agent has the ability to send quick alerts or longer messages. Quick alerts can be used for calls for help to the teacher, notifications to parents or reminders. Longer messages can be used to send progress reports to parents. The agent taps into the existing SMS system and email system in place already.
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Alerts to teacher//</div>
The agent discreetly sends an alert to the teacher if she discovers a problem. Similarly, the student can request the agent to send an alert to the teacher. The student can use this feature in the manner of raising a hand, in this case it is private so other students do not notice and there in no disruption in the class.
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Notifications to student//</div>
The teacher can discreetly send a notification to the student. The notifications can be customized and multiple types of student notifications are possible. Similar to student alerts to the teacher, the notifications to the student are private so other students do not notice and there in no disruption in the class.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level4]]</div>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Let me be//</div>
If during the distraction dialogue the student responds with a 'let me be' then the agent complies but also activates the Status Bar Feedback and Good Vibrations features (described later in Backend Features).
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level4]]</div>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Turn on Good Vibrations//</div>
Good Vibrations is a digital nudge designed to nudge the student with subtle phone vibrations when the student is in a Distracted State. The subtle phone vibrations repeats every five seconds acting as a negative reinforcement.
The agent at any time can activate the Good Vibrations feature. When the Good Vibrations is on, a bell icon appears on the student's screen.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level4]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Turn off Good Vibrations//</div>
The student can double-tap the bell icon and the vibrations of the phone stops. However this does not turn off Good Vibrations since only the agent can turn it off. If the student continues to be in a Distracted State then Good Vibrations remain on.
The agent continues to monitor the student and when the student is no longer in a Distracted State the agent turns off Good Vibrations.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level4]]</div>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Session Workflow//</div>\
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "start" fadeout>><<goto "Actors41">><</link>></div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/banana.jpg" alt="">
<<set $progress to 0>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//New session//</div>
At the beginning of a new session, the agent retrieves the student's Tasklist for this session.
The agent attempts to schedule the student's tasks and activities on their calendar between the current time and 5 minutes before the end time of the session.
If the agent could not find any time on the student’s calendar to schedule, she prompts the student to examine their calendar to see if they could make room for their tasks and activites.
If the student chose to make changes, the agent would attempt to schedule the tasks and activities again.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level5]]</div><<if visited() is 1>><<audio ":playing" pause>><<audio "start" volume 0 fadein>><</if>>\
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<div id="title2" class="green">[[System Design|Event6]]</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/myrobot-scaled.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt="">\
<<else>>\
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Student Session Workflow//</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/IMG_20190208_102145-scaled.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt="">
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Start of Session|ActionL51]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Task Ramp-up|ActionL52]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Task Reschedule|ActionL53]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Task Ramp-down|ActionL54]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Task Ramp-down dialogue|ActionL55]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Distractions and Breaks|ActionL56]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Distraction dialogue|ActionL57]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[End of Session|ActionL58]]</div>
''__Note:__'' ensure you visit each, if you feel stuck at any time check this, or
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[LEAVE NOW|Event6]]</div>
<</if>><<audio "auactor41" loop volume 0 fadein>>\
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Teacher Session Workflow//</div>\
The Teacher Session Workflow is not relevant at this time and out of scope.
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "auactor41" fadeout>><<goto "Level5 Text">><</link>></div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/smartclassroom1.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt="">
<<if visited() is 1>><<set $actors41 to 1>><</if>><<audio "auactor42" loop volume 0 fadein>>\
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Teacher Session Workflow//</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "auactor42" fadeout>><<goto "Level5 Text">><</link>></div>
<<if visited() is 1>><<set $actors41 to 1>><</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//A brief overview of some features of the system//</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/agents.jpeg" alt="">
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "start" fadeout>><<goto "Level6 Text">><</link>></div>
<<set $progress to 0>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Start of Session//</div>
Upon successful scheduling of their tasks, the student is shown the time slots where their tasks were scheduled, and notified that their tasks were successfully scheduled on their calendar.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level5]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Task Ramp-up//</div>
Three minutes before a task begins, the agent would inform the student of their next task ("Your scheduled time for one of your tasks is about to begin. Are you ready to switch to it?"). The student would either indicate ’Yes’ and transition to their task, have the agent remind them in 5, 10, or 15 minutes, or be given the option to reschedule the task.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level5]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Task Reschedule//</div>
If the student chooses to reschedule the Task, the agent moves the Task down into the next timeslot in this session on the calendar which bumps all other Tasks down the list and may result in Tasks being pushed onto to the Outstanding Task State list at the end of the session.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level5]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Task Ramp-down//</div>
Five minutes before a Task ends, the agent notifies the student that their scheduled Task time was about to end ("Your scheduled time for this task ends in 5 minutes. Now might be a good time to wrap up for a smooth transition...").
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level5]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Task Ramp-down dialogue//</div>
The student is then prompted with a question asking them how productive they felt during their scheduled Task on a 5-point scale (Not at all, Slightly, Moderately, Very, or Extremely. Or they can choose to be reminded at the end of the Task. Or they can choose to reschedule the Task.
If the student chose to be reminded at the end of the Task then the student is prompted again at the end time of the Task. If the student chose to reschedule the Task then the Task is rescheduled. Or the student answers the question how productive they felt during the Task.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level5]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Distractions and Breaks//</div>
If the agent determines that the student is supposed to be in the middle of a task but the student is in a Distracted state, the agent triggers a distraction dialogue model.
If the agent detects that the student has been in a Focused state continuously for an extended period of time (e.g. the past hour), the student is prompted with a suggestion to take a short break.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level5]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Distraction dialogue//</div>
When the agent determines that the student is distracted she initiates this distraction dialogue.
"It looks like you may be taking a break. Would you like me to set a timer and remind you to get back to your tasks after a short break?".
The agent then provides the student with a set of options to either set a timer for 5, 10, or 15 minutes, inform the agent that they are not taking a break, that they will get back to their task, or to ’let me be’ (where the agent would not interrupt them again for the rest of their task but log this into a Logbook).
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level5]]</div>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//End of Session//</div>
10 minutes before the end of the session time the agent prompts the student to reflect upon the session. This dialogue can be customized by the teacher.
"Before you leave, I would like to ask you to reflect on your session. Overall, how would you rate your session?"), where the student would be given five options (Very poor, Poor, Acceptable, Good, or Very good).
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level5]]</div>\
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<</if>><<audio "auactor34" loop volume 0 fadein>>\
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Tasklist//</div>
All students have a Tasklist, a menu of tasks and activities for the session. Tasklist originate from the teacher (or system generated in later implementations). Students can add tasks or activities to their Tasklist but they cannot delete tasks from their Tasklist, however students are able to mark tasks or activities as completed. Students mark a task or activity as “Doing”, “Partially Done” or “Done” to change the state of the task.
<div id="maintrail" class="green"><<link "NEXT">><<audio "auactor34" fadeout>><<goto "Level4 Text">><</link>></div>
<<if visited() is 1>><<set $actors34 to 1>><</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Backend Features//</div>
Some of the Backend Features of the system relevant for this presentation are as follows. This is not a complete list of the features and functionality of the future system.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level6]]</div><<if visited() is 1>><<audio ":playing" pause>><<audio "start" volume 0 fadein>><</if>>\
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<br/>
<div id="title2" class="green">[[Summary|Ending]]</div>\
<<else>>\
<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Backend Features//</div>
<img src="https://www.etec523assn2.renresyde.com/assn2/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/bestaction-scaled.jpg" style="display: block; width: 560px; margin: 0;" alt="">
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Distraction dialogue model|ActionL61]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Monitoring student's activity|ActionL62]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Detecting distraction|ActionL63]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Distraction dialogue|ActionL64]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Setting a timer|ActionL65]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Record of Incident|ActionL66]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Detection of emotional state|ActionL67]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Status Bar Feedback|ActionL68]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Digital Nudge|ActionL69]]</div>
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[Good Vibrations|ActionL69A]]</div>
''__Note:__'' ensure you visit each, if you feel stuck at any time check this, or
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[LEAVE NOW|Ending]]</div>
<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Distraction dialogue model//</div>
A distraction dialogue model is triggered when the agent determines that the student was supposed to be in the middle of a task but the student is distracted.
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level6]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Monitoring student's activity//</div>
The system can monitor the student's windowing activity.
Overuse of certain Internet applications, particularly social media sites, is interpreted as student distraction. Examples of sites are social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, etc.), shopping (e.g., Amazon), news (e.g., New York Times, CNN), and music streaming sites (e.g., Spotify, Soundcloud).
<div id="maintrail" class="green">[[NEXT|Level6]]</div>\
<<if visited() is 1>>\
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Detecting distraction//</div>
The back-end system keeps a log of the windows the student visited and the time each window was in the foreground over the past five minutes, updated every second.
If 50 percent or more of this window activity within this log was from one or more of the sites or applications being monitored for by the system then the student is interpreted as being distracted.
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Distraction dialogue//</div>\
When the agent determines that the student is distracted she initiates this distraction dialogue.
"It looks like you may be taking a break. Would you like me to set a timer and remind you to get back to your tasks after a short break?".
The agent then provides the student with a set of options to either set a timer for 5, 10, or 15 minutes, inform the agent that they are not taking a break, that they will get back to their task, or to ’let me be’ (where the agent would not interrupt them again for the rest of their task but log this into a Logbook).
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Setting a timer//</div>
The agent is able to set a timer for 5, 10, or 15 minutes and return after the elapsed time to remind the student.
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Record of Incident//</div>
The system also maintains a Logbook with time-stamped entries. The agent has access to the Logbook and can make entries into the Logbook. Only through the system can entries be written in the Logbook, the Logbook is read-only otherwise.
The teacher can view the Logbook or request a copy of the Logbook.
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Detection of emotional state//</div>
The Backend Systems, using [[Artificial Intelligence (AI)|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence]] applications, has the ability to detect and classify the user’s emotional state through video input from a webcam into four distinct categories (Happy, Focused, Frustrated, or Other (the default emotional state)).
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Status Bar Feedback//</div>
The agent at any time can activate the Status Bar Feedback feature. When the Status Bar Feedback is on, a status bar appears on the student's screen along with textual information showing how long the student has been in a Distracted State. This information is updated every 5 seconds thereby providing continuous feedback. The agent continues to monitor the student and when the student is no longer in a Distracted State the agent turns off the Status Bar Feedback.
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Digital Nudge//</div>\
Good Vibrations is a digital nudge designed to nudge the student with subtle phone vibrations when the student is in a Distracted State. The subtle phone vibrations repeats every five seconds acting as a negative reinforcement. Vibrations is chosen as a digital nudge because it is considered private and subtle and it is ubiquitously available on all mobile devices. HCI researchers have also found evidence that users can tolerate a gentle continual vibration pulse without becoming annoyed or distracted and they can detect within a reasonable amount of time when the vibration stops (Pielot & de Oliveira, 2013). Therefore, vibration is a suitable nudge to remind students of their habits.
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<div id="title2" class="yellow">//Logbook//</div>
The system also maintains a Logbook with time-stamped entries. The agent has access to the Logbook and can make entries into the Logbook. Only through the system can entries be written in the Logbook, the Logbook is read-only otherwise.
The teacher can view the Logbook or request a copy of the Logbook.
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<<if visited() is 1>><<set $actors33 to 1>><</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Good Vibrations//</div>
The agent at any time can activate the Good Vibrations feature. When the Good Vibrations is on, a bell icon appears on the student's screen. The agent continues to monitor the student and when the student is no longer in a Distracted State the agent turns off the Good Vibrations.
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<</if>><div id="title2" class="yellow">//Contact Parents//</div>
During a single session, when a student has been in a Distracted State past a certain threshold, the agent sends an alert to both the teacher and parents, and makes an entry into the Logbook.
After a set number of sessions where the student has passed the threshold of Distracted State the teacher can set an approval flag for Contact Parents which triggers the agent to email the parents a report that summarize the student’s distraction, and makes an entry into the Logbook.
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